「難得糊塗」是鄭板橋最膾炙人口的名言,橫書四個大字,下有四十六個小字注:
聰明難,糊塗難,由聰明而轉入糊塗,更難。放一著,退一步,當下心安,非圖後來福報也--乾隆辛未秋九月十有九日,板橋。
「難得糊塗」的「糊塗」意謂:看似頭腦不清楚,實則大智若愚。處事待人,內心清楚,表面昏庸,此假糊塗之境界,頗為難得;因為世上的人,無論賢愚不肖,都不願意做糊塗人。
「難得糊塗」由其落款,可見作於乾隆十六年(1751),板橋年五十九歲,時任山東濰縣縣令。此四字下面的小注,比正文更耐人咀嚼:
第一,「聰明難,糊塗難,由聰明轉入糊塗,更難。」表面上似乎有點矛盾,其實並不費解。人皆求聰明,聰明當然不容易,此理至為明顯。糊塗即昏庸,此有何難?緣此糊塗並非通行的所謂昏庸,而是假痴假呆,故作昏庸,自甘示人以愚弱。常人往往心存機心巧詐,自作聰明,賣弄小聰明,逞巧鬥智而流於聰明過頭。如此聰明過頭的愚蠢,最惹人嫌惡厭棄,所以《論語‧公治長》孔子讚美甯武子:「邦有道,則知;邦無道,則愚。其知可及也,其愚不可及也。」至於「由聰明而轉入糊塗,更難」,則由於糊塗人難得聰明,聰明人又難得糊塗,處世守身之道,莫貴乎聰明中帶一點糊塗。
第二,「放一著,退一步,當下心安,非圖後來福報也。」此具體落實到處世,切忌搶先、占便宜,得理要饒人。「放一著」原係下棋用語,饒讓對奕者一著。與其逼人太甚,毋寧放他一馬。鄭板橋受到堂弟家書,告以鄰人侵地事,答以「再讓一尺又何妨」。諺云:「忍一時風平浪靜,退一步海闊天空。」如此俾免對方惱羞成怒。更重要的是自己心安理得,不求福而福緣自生。
「難得糊塗」作為座右銘,理應不是鄭板橋的專利。常人一味聰明,荊棘叢生,易招怨尤,反不若糊塗之為妙。「當下心安」尤屬人生高境。行事若圖後來福報,有所冀而意氣難平。苟能拋卻「圖報」之心,則心安理得,心平氣和,生命自然獲得舒暢。其中真氣、真意、真趣,實乃上上大吉!
http://www.cdn.com.tw/daily/2004/06/14/text/930614e2.htm
所謂糊塗,乃是指一個人的頭腦不清楚,不明事理;亦指事務混亂不清。本是一個損人的用詞,但是自從明代鄭板橋手書<難得糊塗>這四個字後,卻從此翻身,好多人將這四個字奉為做人處世之座右銘,或懸於廳堂,或掛於臥室,用以省己醒人。
於 是乎,當行事敷衍馬虎、終日渾渾噩噩、待人接物不求甚解時,只要哈哈幾聲<難得糊塗>,就可以為自己的懶惰打圓場;當路見不平不想拔刀相助,或見人遭逢不 幸不想伸出援手時,只要故作感慨狀:「世道詭譎,人心難測,真假難辨,難得糊塗哪!」就可以為自己的私心找到心安理得的理由;當碰到不義的事,不僅不願伸 張正義,還想借機從中漁利,只要打著<難得糊塗>的幌子,良莠不分,善惡不明,熱衷於和稀泥,表面上皆大歡喜,實際上是利慾薰心。足見這四個字妙用大矣!
但是,這般的行事作為,果真得鄭板橋所謂<糊塗>之真諦嗎?非也!非也!鄭板橋所題<難得糊塗>四個字旁,尚有注云:「聰明難,糊塗難,由聰明而轉入糊塗更 難。放一著,退一步,當下心安,非圖後來福報了。」足見鄭板橋所謂的<糊塗>,乃是對世事洞明、對人情練達後所表現出來的寬容、豁達及大度。亦即指為人做 事的通達明察,即能否泰然處之,善而待之;能否不求全責備,嚴己寬人,得饒人處且饒人。這種糊塗,才於人於己於事都有益處。當然,這種糊塗難得。能得者必 須是心裏明白,否則糊塗不起來。所以鄭板橋所謂<難得糊塗>之緣由,實則是<難得明白>的呀!
鄭板橋曾送一幅長卷給朋友,卷中畫著一叢搖曳有致的蘭花,幾竿清瘦孤標的勁竹,幾塊錯錯落落的石頭,其中再穿插數株荊棘。鄭板橋於畫上題著:「滿幅皆君子, 其後以荊棘終之,何也?蓋君子能容納小人,無小人,亦不能成君子,故棘中之蘭,其花更碩茂矣!」這是何等寬大、豁達、明白的心胸呀!那麼,怎樣才能算是心 裏明白?明者,鏡也;白者,水也。指的是認清宇宙萬物的變化發展規律,不存狂妄之想,不作非份之舉,以獲取智慧明心。惟其,才能豁達大度,不強人所難,與 人和睦相處;才能不急功近利,順其自然,靜待瓜熟蒂落、水到渠成。或者這種<明白>人的心境,就是蘇東坡所謂「空山無人,水流花開」、「蓼茸蒿筍試春盤,人間有味是清歡」那種幽淡、淵妙、高遠的境界吧!
http://blog.xuite.net/wang4231/4231/9568763
2007年1月26日 星期五
2007年1月20日 星期六
Diamond from Wikipedia
Electrical Conductivity
Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as semiconductors: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most other diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators.
Thermal properties
Unlike most electrical insulators, diamond is a good conductor of heat because of the strong covalent bonding within the crystal. Most natural blue diamonds contain boron atoms which replace carbon atoms in the crystal matrix, and also have high thermal conductivity. Specially, purified synthetic diamond has the highest thermal conductivity (2000–2500 W/(m·K), five times more than copper) of any known solid at room temperature. Because diamond has such high thermal conductance it is used in semiconductor manufacture to prevent silicon and other semiconducting materials from overheating. The band gap of diamond is 5.4 - 6.4 eV.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds
Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as semiconductors: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most other diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators.
Thermal properties
Unlike most electrical insulators, diamond is a good conductor of heat because of the strong covalent bonding within the crystal. Most natural blue diamonds contain boron atoms which replace carbon atoms in the crystal matrix, and also have high thermal conductivity. Specially, purified synthetic diamond has the highest thermal conductivity (2000–2500 W/(m·K), five times more than copper) of any known solid at room temperature. Because diamond has such high thermal conductance it is used in semiconductor manufacture to prevent silicon and other semiconducting materials from overheating. The band gap of diamond is 5.4 - 6.4 eV.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds
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